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Background  Grain size is one of key agronomic traits that determine grain yield in rice. Several regulators of grain size have been identified in rice, but the mechanisms that determine grain size and yield remain largely unknown.    Results  Here we characterize a  small grain  ( smg11 ) mutant in rice, which exhibits small grains, dense panicles and the increased number of grains per panicle. Cloning and sequence analyses of the  SMG11  gene reveal that  smg11  is a new allele of  DWARF2  ( D2 ), which encodes a cytochrome P450 (CYP90D2) involved in brassinosteroid biosynthetic pathway. Overexpression of  D2/SMG11  increases grain size and grain weight of wild-type plants. Overexpression of  D2/SMG11  at a suitable level also significantly increases grain yield in rice. Cellular analyses indicate that  D2/SMG11  controls grain size by promoting cell expansion. Further results reveal that  D2/SMG11  influences expression of several known grain size genes involved in the regulation of cell expansion, revealing a novel link between  D2/SMG11  and known grain size genes.    Conclusions    SMG11  controls grain size by promoting cell expansion in grain hulls.  SMG11  regulates cell expansion, at least in part, by influencing expression of several grain size genes involved in the regulation of cell expansion. The  smg11  is a new allele of  DWARF2/D2.  The suitable expression of  SMG11  increases grain size, grain weight and grain yield. Our findings reveal the functions of  D2/SMG11  in grain size and grain yield, suggesting that the suitable expression of  D2/SMG11  is a promising approach to improve grain yield in rice.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12284-016-0136-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

SMALL GRAIN 11 Controls Grain Size, Grain Number and Grain Yield in Rice