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Background  Recent studies have shown that C 4 -like photosynthetic pathways partly reside in photosynthetic cells surrounding the vascular system of C 3  dicots. However, it is still unclear whether this is the case in C 3  monocots, especially at the molecular level.    Results  In order to fill this gap, we investigated several characteristics required for C 4  photosynthesis, including C 4  pathway enzymes, cyclic/non-cyclic photophosphorylation rates, the levels and assembly state of photosynthetic machineries, in the mid-veins of C 3  monocots rice with leaf laminae used as controls. The signature of photosystem photochemistry was also recorded via non-invasive chlorophyll a fluorescence and reflectance changes at 820 nm in vivo. Our results showed that rice mid-veins were photosynthetically active with higher levels of three C 4  decarboxylases. Meanwhile, the linear electron transport chain was blocked in mid-veins due to the selective loss of dysfunctional photosystem II subunits. However, photosystem I was sufficient to support cyclic electron flow in mid-veins, reminiscent of the bundle sheath in C 4  plants.    Conclusions  The photosynthetic attributes required for C 4  photosynthesis were identified for the first time in the monocotyledon model crop rice, suggesting that this is likely a general innate characteristic of C 3  plants which might be preconditioned for the C 4  pathway evolution. Understanding these attributes would provide a base for improved strategies for engineering C 4  photosynthetic pathways into rice.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12284-016-0094-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The existence of C4-bundle-sheath-like photosynthesis in the mid-vein of C3 rice