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Three aqueous plant extracts ( Artemisia capillaris ,  Portulaca oleracea , and  Prunella vulgaris ) were selected for the biofabrication of gold nanoparticles. The antioxidant activities (i.e., free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, and reducing power) of the extracts and how these activities affected the biofabrication of gold nanoparticles were investigated.  P. vulgaris  exerted the highest antioxidant activity, followed by  A. capillaris  and then  P. oleracea .  P. vulgaris  was the most efficient reducing agent in the biofabrication process. Gold nanoparticles biofabricated by  P. vulgaris  (PV-AuNPs) had a maximum surface plasmon resonance of 530 nm with diverse shapes. High-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the PV-AuNPs had a face-centered cubic structure. The reaction yield was estimated to be 99.3% by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The hydrodynamic size was determined to be 45 ± 2 nm with a zeta potential of − 13.99 mV. The PV-AuNPs exerted a dose-dependent antioxidant activity. Remarkably, the highest cytotoxicity of the PV-AuNPs was observed against human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells in the absence of fetal bovine serum, while for human pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma cells, the highest cytotoxicity was observed in the presence of fetal bovine serum. This result demonstrates that  P. vulgaris  extract was an efficient reducing agent for biofabrication of gold nanoparticles exerting cytotoxicity against cancer cells.

nanoscale research letters

Antioxidant Potential of Artemisia capillaris, Portulaca oleracea, and Prunella vulgaris Extracts for Biofabrication of Gold Nanoparticles and Cytotoxicity Assessment