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A novel low-cost and efficient counter electrode (CE) was obtained by treating catalytic inert tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) nanomaterial in NH 3  atmosphere at elevated temperatures. The formation of tungsten oxynitride from WO 3  after NH 3  treatment, as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, increases the catalytic activity of the CE. Correspondingly, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the DSC is significantly increased from 0.9% for pristine WO 3  CE to 5.9% for NH 3 -treated WO 3  CE. The photovoltaic performance of DSC using NH 3 -treated WO 3  CE is comparable to that of DSC using standard Pt CE (with a PCE of 6.0%). In addition, it is also shown that NH 3  treatment is more efficient than H 2  or N 2  treatment in enhancing the catalytic performance of WO 3  CE. This work highlights the potential of NH 3 -treated WO 3  for the application in DSCs and provides a facile method to get highly efficient and low-cost CEs from catalytic inert metal oxides.

NH3-treated WO3 as low-cost and efficient counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells