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Supratidal sands are vitally important for coastal defence in the German Wadden Sea. They are less affected by human activities than other areas as they are located far off the mainland shore, touristical and commercial activities are generally prohibited. Therefore, supratidal sands are of high ecological interest. Nevertheless, the faunal inventory and distribution pattern of microorganisms on these sands were studied very little. The composition of living and dead foraminiferal assemblages was therefore investigated along a transect from the supratidal sand Japsand up to Hallig Hooge. Both assemblages were dominated by calcareous foraminifera of which  Ammonia batava  was the most abundant species.  Elphidium selseyense  and  Elphidium williamsoni  were also common in the living assemblage, but  Elphidium williamsoni  was comparably rare in the dead assemblage. The high proportions of  Ammonia batava  and  Elphidium selseyense  in the living assemblage arose from the reproduction season that differed between species. While  Ammonia batava  and  Elphidium selseyense  just finished their reproductive cycles,  Elphidium williamsoni  was just about to start. This was also confirmed by the size distribution patterns of the different species. The dead assemblage revealed 20 species that were not found in the living assemblage of which some were reworked from older sediments (e.g.,  Bucella frigida ) and some were transported via tidal currents from other areas in the North Sea (e.g.,  Jadammina macrescens ). The living foraminiferal faunas depicted close linkages between the open North Sea and the mainland. Key species revealing exchange between distant populations were  Haynesina germanica ,  Ammonia batava  and different  Elphidium  species. All these species share an opportunistic behaviour and are able to inhabit a variety of different environments; hence, they well may cope with changing environmental conditions. The benthic foraminiferal association from Japsand revealed that transport mechanisms via tides and currents play a major ecological role and strongly influence the faunal composition at this site.

Living and dead foraminiferal assemblage from the supratidal sand Japsand, North Frisian Wadden Sea: distributional patterns and controlling factors