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Background  Genome-wide association studies have identified several genomic regions that are associated with breast cancer risk, but these provide an explanation for only a small fraction of familial breast cancer aggregation. Genotype by environment interactions may contribute further to such explanation, and may help to refine the genomic regions of interest.    Methods  We examined genotypes for 4,988 SNPs, selected from recent genome-wide studies, and four randomized hormonal and dietary interventions among 2,166 women who developed invasive breast cancer during the intervention phase of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trial (1993 to 2005), and one-to-one matched controls. These SNPs derive from 3,224 genomic regions having pairwise squared correlation (r 2 ) between adjacent regions less than 0.2. Breast cancer and SNP associations were identified using a test statistic that combined evidence of overall association with evidence for SNPs by intervention interaction.    Results  The combined 'main effect' and interaction test led to a focus on two genomic regions, the fibroblast growth factor receptor two ( FGFR2 ) and the mitochondrial ribosomal protein S30 ( MRPS30 ) regions. The ranking of SNPs by significance level, based on this combined test, was rather different from that based on the main effect alone, and drew attention to the vicinities of rs3750817 in  FGFR2  and rs7705343 in  MRPS30 . Specifically, rs7705343 was included with several  FGFR2  SNPs in a group of SNPs having an estimated false discovery rate < 0.05. In further analyses, there were suggestions (nominal  P  < 0.05) that hormonal and dietary intervention hazard ratios varied with the number of minor alleles of rs7705343.    Conclusions  Genotype by environment interaction information may help to define genomic regions relevant to disease risk. Combined main effect and intervention interaction analyses raise novel hypotheses concerning the  MRPS30  genomic region and the effects of hormonal and dietary exposures on postmenopausal breast cancer risk.

Genetic variants in the MRPS30 region and postmenopausal breast cancer risk