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In order to investigate spatial and temporal variations of fast and slow Z-mode waves frequently observed in the equatorial plasmasphere, statistical studies have been performed by using plasma wave observation data obtained by the Akebono satellite within a period from 1989 to 1995. It has been clarified that fast and slow Z-mode waves are intensified within ±5◦ of geomagnetic latitudes in an altitude range from 6000 km to the apogee (10500 km) of the satellite without obvious local time dependence. Long-term averaged intensity of fast Z-mode waves has almost the same orders of magnitude as that of slow Z-mode waves. These results indicate that significant part of fast Z-mode waves are not produced by the linear mode conversion process from slow Z-mode waves, but excited by more direct process. Furthermore, the region of intensified fast and slow Z-mode waves has been spread in a wider geomagnetic latitude range of ±10◦ during geomagnetic storms. These evidences suggest that one of the possible free energy sources is ring current particles injected into the equatorial region of the plasmasphere

Statistical studies of fast and slow Z-mode plasma waves in and beyond the equatorial plasmasphere based on long-term Akebono observations