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Introduction  Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α levels in invasive breast carcinoma have been shown to be an adverse prognostic indicator. Cellular HIF-1α activity is regulated by factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (FIH-1). In hypoxia, FIH-1 hydroxylation of Asn803 within the C-terminal transactivation domain does not occur and HIF-1α forms a fully active transcriptional complex. The present study investigates the role of FIH-1 in invasive breast carcinoma and its correlation with hypoxia.    Methods  Microarrayed tissue cores from 295 invasive carcinomas were stained for FIH-1, for HIF-1α and for carbonic anhydrase 9. FIH-1 expression was correlated with standard clinicopathological parameters and with the expression of the surrogate hypoxic markers HIF-1α and carbonic anhydrase 9.    Results  FIH-1 was positive in 239/295 (81%) tumours, 42/295 (14%) exclusively in the nucleus and 54/295 (18%) exclusively in the cytoplasm. Exclusive nuclear FIH-1 expression was significantly inversely associated with tumour grade ( P  = 0.02) and risk of recurrence ( P  = 0.04), whereas exclusive cytoplasmic FIH-1 was significantly positively associated with tumour grade ( P  = 0.004) and carbonic anhydrase 9 expression ( P  = 0.02). Patients with tumours that excluded FIH-1 from the nucleus had a significantly shorter survival compared with those with exclusive nuclear expression ( P  = 0.02). Cytoplasmic FIH-1 expression was also an independent poor prognostic factor for disease-free survival.    Conclusion  FIH-1 is widely expressed in invasive breast carcinoma. As with other HIF regulators, its association between cellular compartmentalization and the hypoxic response and survival suggests that tumour regulation of FIH-1 is an additional important mechanism for HIF pathway activation.

breast cancer research

Cytoplasmic location of factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor is associated with an enhanced hypoxic response and a shorter survival in invasive breast cancer