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BLyS and APRIL are cytokines from the tumor necrosis factor family which play an important role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Previous works suggested an association between both molecules and SLE disease activity although their correlation with lupus nephritis is not known. We therefore assessed serum BLyS and APRIL in active lupus nephritis patients.    Methods  Serum samples from active lupus nephritis and at 6 months post-treatment were obtained. Serum levels of BLyS and APRIL ( n  = 47) as well as renal mRNA expression were measured. Serum levels of both molecules and clinical data ( n  = 27) were available at 6 months follow-up. All biopsy-proven lupus nephritis patients were treated with similar immunosuppressive drugs.    Results  Serum levels of APRIL were associated with proteinuria (Rs = 0.44,  P  value < 0.01) and degree of histological activity (Rs = 0.34;  P  value < 0.05) whereas BLyS levels were associated with complement levels (Rs = 0.46;  P  value < 0.01) and dosage of immunosuppressant. Interestingly, serum APRIL as well as its intrarenal mRNA levels were associated with resistance to treatment. From the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, high levels (> 4 ng/mL) of serum APRIL predicted treatment failure with a positive predictive value of 93 percent.    Conclusion  APRIL could be a potential biomarker for predicting difficult-to-treat cases of lupus nephritis.

APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand, as a potential marker of lupus nephritis