English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background There are two types of adipose tissue. White adipose tissue (WAT) stores energy in the form of lipids. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) consumes energy to produce heat by thermogenesis, which depends on the brown adipocytes specific marker uncoupling protein-1 (UCP—1). Metabolically active BAT is present in adult humans and its energy consuming properties could be exploited to increase energy expenditure. We and others showed that the nitric oxide (NO)/ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway is crucial for brown adipocyte differentiation [1,2]. Here we studied the role of sGC in brown adipocyte differentiation employing the sGC stimulator BAY 41—2272. Material and methods Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from BAT of newborn mice were differentiated into brown adipocytes in vitro using established protocols [1]. During differentiation, cells were incubated with 3 µM BAY 41—2272, 200 µM 8pCPT-cGMP or 30 µM ODQ. Accumulated intracellular lipids were assessed by RedO staining and measurement of triglyceride (TG) content. To investigate the adipogenic program, Western Blot analysis of PPARg ,C /EBPa and AP2 was performed. Thermogenic differentiation of the cells was determined by protein expression analysis of Cytc and gene expression analysis of thermogenic markers UCP—1, Cidea and PGC-1a. Results BAY 41-2272 increased lipid accumulation as determined by RedO staining and TG content (1,44-fold) compared to control. Protein expression of the adipogenic marker proteins PPARg (1,4-fold), C/EBPa (1,5-fold) and AP2 (1,6—fold) were increased after BAY 41-2272 incubation compared to control. Adipogenic markers PPARg (2,3-fold), C/EBPa (1,8-fold) and AP2 (2,1-fold) were increased after cGMP incubation compared to control. In contrast, inhibition of sGC by ODQ decreased protein expression of PPARg (50%), C/EBPa (29%) and AP2 (51%). The thermogenic marker genes UCP-1 (5,38-fold), Cidea (2,44-fold) and PGC-1a (2,26fold) increased upon incubation with BAY 41-2272 compared to control. cGMP increased RNA levels of thermogenic markers UCP—1 (3,36-fold), Cidea (2,5fold) and PGC-1a (2,50 fold). ODQ decreased the expression of UCP-1 (64%), Cidea (74%) and PGC—1a (44%). Protein expression of the mitochondrial marker Cytc was increased upon incubation with BAY 41—2272 (1,6-fold) and cGMP (1,77-fold). Protein expression of Cytc was lower in brown adipocytes incubated with ODQ (49%). Conclusion

The soluble guanylyl cyclase stimulator BAY 41-2272 increases differentiation and function of brown adipocytes