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MR temperature mapping based on the proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift is used in MR-guided focused ultrasound procedures for dosimetry and safety monitoring. While conventional PRF-shift thermometry is based on calculating a phase difference between two reconstructed MR images, Gaur et al [1,2] have recently described two algorithms that estimate temperature-induced phase shifts directly from MR k-space data, prior to image reconstruction. The approach enables large dynamic scan acceleration factors[1] and the correction of chemical-shift (CS) effects that geometrically distort the temperature maps.[2] However, that work neglected image attenuation that accompanies the PRF phase shift and is primarily caused by increasing T1 with temperature.[3] Here it is shown that attenuation degrades the accuracy of k-space-based reconstructions, but that it can be accounted for in the reconstructions.

Improved k-space-based MR thermometry by joint PRF phase shift and T1/T2* attenuation estimation