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Background   Caenorhabditis elegans  sarcomeres have been studied extensively utilizing both forward and reverse genetic techniques to provide insight into muscle development and the mechanisms behind muscle contraction. A previous genetic screen investigating early muscle development produced 13 independent mutant genes exhibiting a Pat ( p aralyzed and  a rrested elongation at the  t wo-fold length of embryonic development) muscle phenotype. This study reports the identification and characterization of one of those genes,  pat-9 .    Results  Positional cloning, reverse genetics, and plasmid rescue experiments were used to identify the predicted  C. elegans  gene T27B1.2 (recently named  ztf-19 ) as the  pat-9  gene. Analysis of  pat-9  showed it is expressed early in development and within body wall muscle lineages, consistent with a role in muscle development and producing a Pat phenotype. However, unlike most of the other known Pat gene family members, which encode structural components of muscle attachment sites, PAT-9 is an exclusively nuclear protein. Analysis of the predicted PAT-9 amino acid sequence identified one putative nuclear localization domain and three C2H2 zinc finger domains. Both immunocytochemistry and PAT-9::GFP fusion expression confirm that PAT-9 is primarily a nuclear protein and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments showed that PAT-9 is present on certain gene promoters.    Conclusions  We have shown that the T27B1.2 gene is  pat-9 . Considering the Pat-9 mutant phenotype shows severely disrupted muscle attachment sites despite PAT-9 being a nuclear zinc finger protein and not a structural component of muscle attachment sites, we propose that PAT-9 likely functions in the regulation of gene expression for some necessary structural or regulatory component(s) of the muscle attachment sites.

C. elegans PAT-9 is a nuclear zinc finger protein critical for the assembly of muscle attachments