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Background  The  Sox  genes, a family of transcription factors characterized by the presence of a high mobility group (HMG) box domain, are among the central groups of developmental regulators in the animal kingdom. They are indispensable in progenitor cell fate determination, and various  Sox  family members are involved in managing the critical balance between stem cells and differentiating cells. There are 20 mammalian  Sox  genes that are divided into five major groups (B, C, D, E, and F). True  Sox  genes have been identified in all animal lineages but not outside Metazoa, indicating that this gene family arose at the origin of the animals. Whole-genome sequencing of the lobate ctenophore  Mnemiopsis leidyi  allowed us to examine the full complement and expression of the  Sox  gene family in this early-branching animal lineage.    Results  Our phylogenetic analyses of the  Sox  gene family were generally in agreement with previous studies and placed five of the six  Mnemiopsis Sox  genes into one of the major  Sox  groups: SoxB (MleSox1), SoxC (MleSox2), SoxE (MleSox3, MleSox4), and SoxF (MleSox5), with one unclassified gene (MleSox6). We investigated the expression of five out of six  Mnemiopsis Sox  genes during early development. Expression patterns determined through  in situ  hybridization generally revealed spatially restricted  Sox  expression patterns in somatic cells within zones of cell proliferation, as determined by EdU staining. These zones were located in the apical sense organ, upper tentacle bulbs, and developing comb rows in  Mnemiopsis , and coincide with similar zones identified in the cydippid ctenophore  Pleurobrachia .    Conclusions  Our results are consistent with the established role of multiple  Sox  genes in the maintenance of stem cell pools. Both similarities and differences in juvenile cydippid stage expression patterns between  Mnemiopsis Sox  genes and their orthologs from  Pleurobrachia  highlight the importance of using multiple species to characterize the evolution of development within a given phylum. In light of recent phylogenetic evidence that Ctenophora is the earliest-branching animal lineage, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ancient primary function of  Sox  family genes was to regulate the maintenance of stem cells and function in cell fate determination.

evodevo

Expression of multiple Sox genes through embryonic development in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is spatially restricted to zones of cell proliferation