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Background  Flowering is a critical transition in plant development, the timing of which can have considerable fitness consequences. Until recently, research into the genetic control of flowering time and its associated developmental changes was focused on core eudicots (for example, Arabidopsis) or monocots (for example,  Oryza ). Here we examine the flowering response of  Aquilegia formosa , a member of the eudicot order Ranunculales that is emerging as an important model for the investigation of plant ecology and evolution.    Results  We have determined that  A. formosa  has a strong vernalization requirement but little or no photoperiod response, making it a day neutral (DN) plant. Consistent with this, the  Aquilegia  homolog of  FLOWERING LOCUS T  ( AqFT ) is expressed in both long and short days but surprisingly, the locus is expressed before the transition to flowering.  In situ  hybridizations with homologs of several Arabidopsis Floral Pathway Integrators (FPIs) do not suggest conserved functions relative to Arabidopsis, the potential exceptions being  AqLFY  and  AqAGL24.2 .    Conclusions  In  Aquilegia , vernalization is critical to flowering but this signal is not strictly required for the transcriptional activation of  AqFT . The expression patterns of  AqLFY  and  AqAGL24.2  suggest a hypothesis for the development of  Aquilegia 's determinate inflorescence whereby their differential expression controls the progression of each meristem from inflorescence to floral identity. Interestingly, none of the  Aquilegia  expression patterns are consistent with a function in floral repression which, combined with the lack of a  FLC  homolog, means that new candidate genes must be identified for the control of vernalization response in  Aquilegia .

Environmental and molecular analysis of the floral transition in the lower eudicot Aquilegia formosa