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Background   Melia azedarach  L. is an important medicinal plant that is used for variety of ailments in Iranian traditional medicine.  Azadirachta indica  A. Juss is its allied species and possesses similar properties and effects. The present study was undertaken to investigate anticancer activity of these  M. azedarach  in comparison with  A. indica  on cancer cell lines and also to evaluate their safety in humans by testing them on normal cell line. The study also aimed to determine the active components that are responsible for medicinal effects of  M. azedarach  in traditional usages.    Methods  In this study, the cytotoxic activity of crude extracts from  M. azedarach  and  A. indica  leaves, pulps and seeds as well as three main fractions of their leaf extracts were assayed against HT-29, A-549, MCF-7 and HepG-2 and MDBK cell lines. MTT assay was used to evaluate their cytotoxic activities. Methanol leaf fraction of  M. azedarach  as the safest leaf fraction in terms of cytotoxicity was subjected for phytochemical study.    Results  Results of the present study indicated that seed kernel extract of  M. azedarach  had the highest cytotoxic activity and selectivity to cancer cell lines (IC 50  range of 8.18- 60.10 Î¼g mL -1 ). In contrast to crude seed extract of  A. indica , crude pulp and crude leaf extracts of this plant showed remarkably stronger anti-prolifrative activity (IC 50  ranges of 83.45 - 212.16 Î¼g mL -1  and 34.11- 95.51 Î¼g mL -1  respectively) than those of  M. azedarach  (all IC 50  values of both plants > 650 Î¼g mL -1 ). The phytochemical analysis led to the isolation of four flavonol 3- O -glycosides including rutin, kaempferol-3- O -robinobioside, kaempferol-3- O -rutinoside and isoquercetin along with a purin nucleoside, Î²-adenosine.    Conclusions  The anti-prolifrative potentials of extracts from different parts of  M. azedarach  and  A. indica  were determined. By comparison, methanol leaf fraction of  M. azedarach  seems to be safer in terms of cytotoxicity. Our study shows that flavonols are abundant in the leaves of  M. azedarach  and these compounds seem to be responsible for many of medicinal effects exploited in the traditional uses.

Cytotoxic evaluation of Melia azedarach in comparison with, Azadirachta indica and its phytochemical investigation