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Background   Tetracentron sinense  Oliv. is an endangered tree mainly distributed in south-central China. The breeding system and pollination ecology of  T. sinense  are unclear. With a conservation perspective, the floral biology, breeding system and pollination ecology of  Tetracentron sinense  Oliv. were investigated, in order to discuss the endangered factors related to pollination, and to provide important information for its conservation.    Results  Our results revealed four important aspects of the reproductive biology of  T. sinense . 1)  T. sinense  usually flowers by the beginning of June, and the flowering period of the population is about two months, and the florescence of florets lasted for 15 to 24 days with delicate fragrance. 2) The pollen/ovule ratio is 720 ± 28, and the outcrossing index is three. Artificial pollination experiments showed that  T. sinense  is self-compatible, with facultative xenogamy and no indication of agamospermy. 3) The pollination syndrome is ambophily, and self-pollination plays an important role in fruit production if wind and insect pollination is unavailable. 4) Insect pollinators were predominantly represented by Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. Syrphid fly and bees were the main effective pollinators.    Conclusions  The results suggested that  T. sinense  exhibits a mixed-mating system, and autogamy in its breeding system may provide reproductive assurance for the population maintenance. During flowering and pollination in natural population, the decrease of population density and harsh environmental condition might be one of crucial reasons resulting in endanger for this species.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1999-3110-54-50) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Floral biology, breeding system and pollination ecology of an endangered tree Tetracentron sinense Oliv. (Trochodendraceae)