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Background   Sadhu  elements are non-autonomous retroposons first recognized in  Arabidopsis thaliana . There is a wide degree of divergence among different elements, suggesting that these sequences are ancient in origin. Here we report the results of several lines of investigation into the genomic organization and evolutionary history of this element family.    Results  We present a classification scheme for  Sadhu  elements in  A. thaliana , describing derivative elements related to the full-length elements we reported previously. We characterized  Sadhu5  elements in a set of  A. thaliana  strains in order to trace the history of radiation in this subfamily. Sequences surrounding the target sites of different  Sadhu  insertions are consistent with mobilization by LINE retroelements. Finally, we identified  Sadhu  elements grouping into distinct subfamilies in two related species,  Arabidopsis arenosa  and  Arabidopsis lyrata .    Conclusions  Our analyses suggest that the  Sadhu  retroelement family has undergone target primed reverse transcription-driven retrotransposition during the divergence of different  A. thaliana  strains. In addition,  Sadhu  elements can be found at moderate copy number in three distinct  Arabidopsis  species, indicating that the evolutionary history of these sequences can be traced back at least several millions of years.

The structure, organization and radiation of Sadhu non-long terminal repeat retroelements in Arabidopsis species