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Background  To evaluate the prognostic role of TAMs in patients affected by non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), undergone Trans Urethral Resection of Bladder (TURB) and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy.    Methods  Data from 40 patients (36 men, 4 women), mean age 69 years (40-83 years), treated for NMIBC with TURB and BCG instillation were collected. Two different groups were considered: group with and group without bladder cancer recurrence. Correlations between immunofluorescence measured Mtot, M1 and M2 infiltration and clinicopathological parameters were evaluated using Spearman and Mann–Whitney methods. The recurrence-free survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.    Results  CD68 positive cells (Mtot) were observed in all specimens tested. High Mtot, M1 and M2 infiltration was observed in patients with disease recurrence, even before endovescical BCG instillation. Significant value for M2 infiltration ( p  = 0,042) was found calculating significativity between two group medians before BCG therapy.  p  = 0,072 and  p  = 0,180 were observed correlating median of Mtot and M1 between two groups of patients respectively. Values of  p  = 0,44,  p  = 0,23 and  p  = 0,64 from correlation between DFS and Mtot, M1 and M2 median in patients before endovescical BCG instillation, were calculated respectively. Comparing DFS and Mtot, M1 and M2 median in patients group after endovescical BCG instillation significant values were obtained ( p  = 0,020;  p  = 0,02; and  p  = 0,029 respectively).    Conclusions  M2 tumor infiltration could be a prognostic value of recurrence in patients with NMIBC.

Tumor associated macrophages polarization dictates the efficacy of BCG instillation in non-muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer