English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background Hypospadias is one of the most common genital birth defect, characterized by improper closing of the urethral folds during development and resulting ectopic opening of the urethra. Xenoestrogen (XE) exposure increases the rate of hypospadias in both animal models and in humans, in association with gene down regulation.[1,2] While many genes (e.g. SHH, WNT5A, CTNNB1, HOXA13) are critical for genital tubercle (GT) and urethral development in genetically deficient models, the role of such genes in response to estrogen exposure in GTs has been less studied. While XE exert known epigenetic effects, the mechanism involved is not clear. This study examines the epigenetic effects of XE on GT developmental genes, as well as on DNA methylation enzymes (DNMTs) involved in epigenetic downregulation.

Estrogen induced downregulation of gene expression and cell biological processes critical for genital tubercle formation via DNA methylation