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Background  Piroplasmosis are among the most relevant diseases of domestic animals.  Babesia  is emerging as cause of tick-borne zoonosis worldwide and free-living animals are reservoir hosts of several zoonotic  Babesia  species. We investigated the epidemiology of  Babesia  spp. and  Theileria  spp. in wild ungulates and carnivores from Northern Italy to determine which of these apicomplexan species circulate in wildlife and their prevalence of infection.    Methods  PCR amplification of the V4 hyper-variable region of the 18S rDNA of  Babesia  sp./ Theileria  sp was carried out on spleen samples of 1036 wild animals: Roe deer  Capreolus capreolus  (n = 462), Red deer  Cervus elaphus  (n = 52) ,  Alpine Chamois  Rupicapra rupicapra  (n = 36) ,  Fallow deer  Dama dama  (n = 17), Wild boar  Sus scrofa  (n = 257), Red fox  Vulpes vulpes  (n = 205) and Wolf  Canis lupus  (n = 7). Selected positive samples were sequenced to determine the species of amplified  Babesia / Theileria  DNA.    Results   Babesia / Theileria  DNA was found with a mean prevalence of 9.94% (IC95% 8.27-11.91). The only piroplasms found in carnivores was  Theileria annae , which was detected in two foxes (0.98%; IC95% 0.27-3.49). Red deer showed the highest prevalence of infection (44.23%; IC95% 31.6-57.66), followed by Alpine chamois (22.22%; IC95% 11.71-38.08), Roe deer (12.55%; IC95% 9.84-15.89), and Wild boar (4.67%; IC95% 2.69-7.98). Genetic analysis identified  Babesia capreoli  as the most prevalent piroplasmid found in Alpine chamois, Roe deer and Red deer, followed by  Babesia bigemina  (found in Roe deer, Red deer and Wild boar), and the zoonotic  Babesia venatorum  (formerly  Babesia  sp. EU1) isolated from 2 Roe deer. Piroplasmids of the genus  Theileria  were identified in Wild boar and Red deer.    Conclusions  The present study offers novel insights into the role of wildlife in  Babesia / Theileria  epidemiology, as well as relevant information on genetic variability of piroplasmids infecting wild ungulates and carnivores.

Piroplasmosis in wildlife: Babesia and Theileria affecting free-ranging ungulates and carnivores in the Italian Alps