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Background   Culicoides  (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species are known to be the vectors of Bluetongue virus and African Horses Sickness virus (AHSV) in different areas of the world. Nevertheless, other researchers have hypothesized that these arthropods could be involved in the transmission of other pathogens such as  Schmallenberg  virus,  Plasmodium  and  Leishmania  parasites. Identification of the  Culicoides ’ potential vector competence is crucial in understanding the worldwide  Culicoides / Leishmania  life cycle.    Findings  Blood fed and parous females of biting midges  Culicoides  spp. were collected between 2009 and 2010 in Central Tunisia. DNA was extracted from individual blood fed  Culicoides  and used as a template in a genus-specific PCR.  Leishmania  DNA was detected in 14  Culicoides imicola  specimens and one  Culicoides circumscriptus . In a second step, parasite identification was performed based on a single copy Topo-isomerase II gene specific amplification and sequencing.  Leishmania infantum  was identified in two infected  Culicoides  spp.    Conclusion  This is the first report of  Leishmania  DNA detection from naturally infected wild caught  Culicoides  spp. Our finding supports the assumption that  Culicoides  spp. are a potential vector for  L. infantum .

First detection of Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)