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Constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. One of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. The voltage-gated sodium channel (Na V ) is the target of pyrethroids and DDT insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultural and veterinary importance, such as anophelines. It has been reported that the presence of a few non-silent point mutations in the  Na   V   gene are associated with pyrethroid resistance, termed as ‘ kdr ’ ( knockdown resistance ) for preventing the knockdown effect of these insecticides. The presence of these mutations, as well as their effects, has been thoroughly studied in  Anopheles  mosquitoes. So far,  kdr  mutations have already been detected in at least 13 species ( Anopheles gambiae ,  Anopheles arabiensis ,  Anopheles sinensis ,  Anopheles stephensi ,  Anopheles subpictus ,  Anopheles sacharovi ,  Anopheles culicifacies ,  Anopheles sundaicus ,  Anopheles aconitus ,  Anopheles vagus ,  Anopheles paraliae ,  Anopheles peditaeniatus  and  Anopheles albimanus ) from populations of African, Asian and, more recently, American continents. Seven mutational variants (L1014F, L1014S, L1014C, L1014W, N1013S, N1575Y and V1010L) were described, with the highest prevalence of L1014F, which occurs at the 1014 site in Na V  IIS6 domain. The increase of frequency and distribution of  kdr  mutations clearly shows the importance of this mechanism in the process of pyrethroid resistance. In this sense, several species-specific and highly sensitive methods have been designed in order to genotype individual mosquitoes for  kdr  in large scale, which may serve as important tolls for monitoring the dynamics of pyrethroid resistance in natural populations. We also briefly discuss investigations concerning the course of  Plasmodium  infection in  kdr  individuals. Considering the limitation of insecticides available for employment in public health campaigns and the absence of a vaccine able to brake the life cycle of the malaria parasites, the use of pyrethroids is likely to remain as the main strategy against mosquitoes by either indoor residual spraying (IR) and insecticide treated nets (ITN). Therefore, monitoring insecticide resistance programs is a crucial need in malaria endemic countries.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-450) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids – a review