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Background  Tsetse flies are the biological vectors of African trypanosomes, the causative agents of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals. The tsetse endosymbiont  Sodalis glossinidius  has been suggested to play a role in tsetse susceptibility to infection. Here we investigate the prevalence of African trypanosomes within tsetse from the Luambe National Park, Zambia and if there is an association between  S. glossinidius  and presence of trypanosomes within the tsetse examined.    Methods  Tsetse representing three species ( Glossina brevipalpis ,  Glossina morsitans morsitans  and  Glossina pallidipes ), were sampled from Luambe National Park, Zambia. Following DNA extraction, PCR was used to examine the tsetse for presence of trypanosomes and the secondary endosymbiont  S. glossinidius .    Results   S. glossinidius  infection rates varied significantly between tsetse species, with  G. brevipalpis  (93.7%) showing the highest levels of infection followed by  G. m. morsitans  (17.5%) and  G. pallidipes  (1.4%). ITS-PCR detected a wide variety of trypanosomes within the tsetse that were analysed. Significant differences were found in terms of trypanosome presence between the three tsetse species. A high proportion of  G. m. morsitans  were shown to carry  T. brucei  s.l. DNA (73.7%) and of these around 50% were positive for  Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. T. vivax ,  T. godfreyi ,  T. simiae ,  T. simiae  Tsavo and  T. congolense  were also detected. No association was found between the occurrence of  S. glossinidius  and the presence of trypanosome DNA in any of the three tsetse species tested.    Conclusion  The current work shows that  T. b. rhodesiense  was circulating in Luambe National Park, representing a risk for people living in the park or surrounding area and for tourists visiting the park. The differences in trypanosome DNA presence observed between the different tsetse species tested may indicate host feeding preferences, as the PCR will not discriminate between a fly with an active/resident infection compared to a refractory fly that has fed on an infected animal. This makes it difficult to establish if  S. glossinidius  may play a role in the susceptibility of tsetse flies to trypanosome infection.

Sodalis glossinidius prevalence and trypanosome presence in tsetse from Luambe National Park, Zambia