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Background  Proteins from the ABC family (ATP-binding cassette) represent the largest known group of efflux pumps, responsible for transporting specific molecules across lipid membranes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In arthropods they have been shown to play a role in insecticide defense/resistance. The presence of ABC transporters and their possible association with insecticide transport have not yet been investigated in the mosquito  Anopheles stephensi,  the major vector of human malaria in the Middle East and South Asian regions. Here we investigated the presence and role of ABCs in transport of permethrin insecticide in a susceptible strain of this mosquito species.    Methods  To identify ABC transporter genes we obtained a transcriptome from untreated larvae of  An. stephensi  and then compared it with the annotated transcriptome of  Anopheles gambiae.  To analyse the association between ABC transporters and permethrin we conducted bioassays with permethrin alone and in combination with an ABC inhibitor, and then we investigated expression profiles of the identified genes in larvae exposed to permethrin.    Results  Bioassays showed an increased mortality of mosquitoes when permethrin was used in combination with the ABC-transporter inhibitor. Genes for ABC transporters were detected in the transcriptome, and five were selected ( Anst ABCB2,  Anst ABCB3,  Anst ABCB4,  Anst ABCmember6 and  Anst ABCG4). An increased expression in one of them ( Anst ABCG4) was observed in larvae exposed to the LD50 dose of permethrin. Contrary to what was found in other insect species, no up-regulation was observed in the  Anst ABCB genes.    Conclusions  Our results show for the first time the involvement of ABC transporters in larval defense against permethrin in  An. stephensi  and, more in general, confirm the role of ABC transporters in insecticide defense. The differences observed with previous studies highlight the need of further research as, despite the growing number of studies on ABC transporters in insects, the heterogeneity of the results available at present does not allow us to infer general trends in ABC transporter-insecticide interactions.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-349) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

ABC transporters are involved in defense against permethrin insecticide in the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi