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Background  Human malaria is still a burden in Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc Provinces in south-central Vietnam that border Cambodia. Several  Anopheles  species that transmit human malarial  Plasmodium  may also transmit  Wuchereria bancrofti , the nematode that causes Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of  Anopheles  species in the transmission of these two pathogens in the two highly malaria endemic provinces of Vietnam.    Methods   Anopheles  mosquitoes were collected in Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc Provinces in November and December of 2010 and 2011. Human landing catches, paired collections on human and buffalo, and resting captures were made with mouth aspirators. Collections were also made with light traps. Morphological and PCR-based methods were used to identify the species. Real-time PCR was used to detect  Plasmodium  species and  W. bancrofti  in individual mosquitoes.    Results  Twenty-four  Anopheles  species were identified among 797 captured mosquitoes.  Anopheles dirus  was found in both provinces and was the predominant species in Binh Phuoc Province;  An. maculatus  was the most prevalent species in Dak Nong Province.  Anopheles minimus  was collected only in Binh Phuoc Province. Some specimens of  An. minimus  and  An. pampanai  were misidentified based on morphology. Four specimens of  An. scanloni  were identified, and this is the first report of this species of the Dirus Complex in Vietnam. Two females, one  An. dirus  and one  An. pampanai , collected in Binh Phuoc Province were infected with  P. vivax , for an overall infection rate of 0.41% (2/486): 0.28% for  An. dirus  (1/361) and 20% for  An. pampanai  (1/5). No mosquitoes were found to be infected with  P. falciparum ,  P. knowlesi  or  W. bancrofti  in either province.    Conclusion  A diversity of  Anopheles  species occurs in Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc Provinces of Vietnam, several of which are considered to be actual and potential vectors of malarial protozoa and microfilariae. It is highly likely that two of the species,  An. dirus  and  An. pampanai , are active in malaria transmission based on the detection of  P. vivax  in females of these species. This is the first report of  An. scanloni  in Vietnam.

Diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes in Binh Phuoc and Dak Nong Provinces of Vietnam and their relation to disease