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Background  This is the first study in Morocco to estimate snail infection rates at the last historic transmission sites of schistosomiasis, known to be free from new infection among humans since 2004. Screening of large numbers of snails for infection is one way to confirm that  Schistosoma haematobium  transmission has stopped and does not resurge.    Methods  A total of 2703  Bulinus truncatus  snails were collected from 24 snail habitats in five provinces of Morocco: Errachidia, El Kelaa des Sraghna, Tata, Beni Mellal, and Chtouka Ait Baha. All visible snails were collected with a scoop net or by hand. We used waders and gloves as simple precautions. Snails were morphologically identified according to Moroccan Health Ministry guide of schistosomiasis (1982).  All snails were analyzed in pools by molecular tool, using primers from the newly identified repeated DNA sequence, termed DraI, in the  S. haematobium  group. To distinguish  S. bovis  and  S. haematobium , the snails were analyzed by Sh110/Sm-Sl PCR that was specific of  S. haematobium.Results  The results showed that snails from Errachidia, Chtouka Ait Baha, sector of Agoujgal in Tata and sector of Mbarkiya in El kelaa des Sraghna were negative for DraI PCR; but, snails from remaining snail habitats of El Kelaa des Sraghna, Tata and Beni Mellal were positive. This led to suggest the presence of circulating schistosome species ( S. haematobium, S. bovis  or others) within these positive snail habitats. Subsequently, confirmation with  S. haematobium  species specific molecular assay, Sh110/Sm-Sl PCR, showed that none of the collected snails were infected by  S. haematobium  in all historic endemic areas.    Conclusion  The absence of  S. haematobium  infection in snails supports the argument of  S. haematobium  transmission interruption in Morocco.

parasites and vectors

Schistosoma haematobium detection in snails by DraI PCR and Sh110/Sm-Sl PCR: further evidence of the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in Morocco