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Background  In France as elsewhere in Europe the most prevalent TBD in humans is Lyme borreliosis, caused by different bacterial species belonging to  Borrelia burgdorferi  sensu lato complex and transmitted by the most important tick species in France,  Ixodes ricinus . However, the diagnosis of Lyme disease is not always confirmed and unexplained syndromes occurring after tick bites have become an important issue. Recently,  B. miyamotoi  belonging to the relapsing fever group and transmitted by the same  Ixodes  species has been involved in human disease in Russia, the USA and the Netherlands. In the present study, we investigate the presence of  B. miyamotoi  along with other Lyme Borreliosis spirochetes, in ticks and possible animal reservoirs collected in France.    Methods  We analyzed 268 ticks ( Ixodes ricinus ) and 72 bank voles ( Myodes glareolus ) collected and trapped in France for the presence of DNA from  B. miyamotoi  as well as from Lyme spirochetes using q-PCR and specific primers and probes. We then compared the French genotypes with those found in other European countries.    Results  We found that 3% of ticks and 5.55% of bank voles were found infected by the same  B. miyamotoi  genotype, while co-infection with other Lyme spirochetes ( B. garinii ) was identified in 12% of  B. miyamotoi  infected ticks. Sequencing showed that ticks and rodents carried the same genotype as those recently characterized in a sick person in the Netherlands.    Conclusions  The genotype of  B. miyamotoi  circulating in ticks and bank voles in France is identical to those already described in ticks from Western Europe and to the genotype isolated from a sick person in The Netherlands. This results suggests that even though no human cases have been reported in France, surveillance has to be improved. Moreover, we showed that ticks could simultaneously carry  B. miyamotoi  and Lyme disease spirochetes, increasing the problem of co-infection in humans.

parasites and vectors

Genetic characterization of the human relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia miyamotoi in vectors and animal reservoirs of Lyme disease spirochetes in France