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Background  Blacklegged ticks,  Ixodes scapularis  are vectors of the tick-borne pathogens  Borrelia burgdorferi ,  Anaplasma phagocytophilum  and  Babesia microti.  Recently, the  I. scapularis -borne bacterium  Borrelia miyamotoi  has been linked to human illness in North America. The range of this tick is expanding in Canada which may increase the potential for human exposure to these agents.    Methods  In this study, 4938  I. scapularis  ticks collected in 2012 were tested following a newly developed PCR-based testing protocol to determine the prevalence of infection with  B. miyamotoi  and other pathogens in  I. scapularis  in Canada.    Results   Borrelia miyamotoi  was detected in blacklegged ticks from all provinces except Newfoundland, although the infection prevalence was low (<1%). There was significant variation among provinces in the prevalence of infection of ticks with  B. burgdorferi  and  A. phagocytophilum,  but not with  B. miyamotoi .    Conclusions  Given the widespread distribution of  B. miyamotoi , infection due to this agent should be considered in patients who have been exposed to blacklegged ticks in Canada.

The prevalence of Borrelia miyamotoi infection, and co-infections with other Borrelia spp. in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in Canada