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Background  Human African Trypanosomiasis is still a public health threat in Cameroon. To assess  Trypanosoma brucei  strains circulating in the Fontem sleeping sickness focus, we conducted a genetic structure study using microsatellites to assess genotypes circulating in both tsetse flies and domestic animals.    Method  For this study, pyramidal traps were set up and 2695 tsetse flies were collected and 1535 (57%) living flies were dissected and their mid-guts collected. Furthermore, blood samples were collected from 397 domestic animals (pigs, goats, sheep and dogs). DNA was extracted from midguts and blood samples, and specific primers were used to identify trypanosomes of the subgenus  Trypanozoon . All positive samples were genetically characterized with seven microsatellite markers.    Results  Seventy five (4.7%) midguts of tsetse flies and 140 (35.2%) domestic animals were found infected by trypanosomes of the subgenus  Trypanozoon . The genetic characterization of 215  Trypanozoon  positive samples (75 from tsetse and 140 from animals) revealed a genetic diversity between  Trypanosoma brucei  circulating in tsetse and domestic animals. Of these positive samples, 87 (40.5%) single infections were used here to investigate the population genetics of  Trypanosoma brucei  circulating in tsetse and domestic animals. The dendrogram illustrating the genetic similarities between  Trypanosoma brucei  genotypes was subdivided into four clusters. The samples from tsetse belonged to the same cluster whereas the samples from domestic animals and espcially pigs were distributed in the four clusters.    Conclusion  Pigs appeared as the animal species harboring the highest number of different  Trypanosoma brucei  strains. They may play an important role in the propagation of different genotypes. The  F  ST  values revealed a sub structuration of  Trypanosoma brucei  according to hosts and sometimes villages. The data obtained from this study may have considerable importance for the understanding of the transmission and the spread of specific genotypes of  Trypanosoma brucei .

parasites and vectors

Population genetics of Trypanosoma brucei circulating in Glossina palpalis palpalis and domestic animals of the Fontem sleeping sickness focus of Cameroon