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Background   Wolbachia  endosymbionts are a proven target for control of human disease caused by filarial nematodes. However, little is known about the occurrence of  Wolbachia  in taxa closely related to the superfamily Filarioidea. Our study addressed the status of  Wolbachia  presence in members of the superfamily Dracunculoidea by screening the human parasite  Dracunculus medinensis  and related species from wildlife for  Wolbachia .    Findings   D. medinensis ,  D. lutrae  and  D. insignis  specimens were all negative for  Wolbachia  colonization by PCR screening for the  Wolbachia ftsZ , 16S rRNA and  Wolbachia  surface protein ( wsp ) sequences. The quality and purity of the DNA preparations was confirmed by amplification of nematode 18S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences. Furthermore,  Wolbachia  endobacteria were not detected by whole mount fluorescence staining, or by immunohistochemistry using a  Wolbachia -specific antiserum. In contrast, positive control  Brugia malayi  worms were shown to harbour  Wolbachia  by PCR, fluorescence staining and immunohistochemistry.    Conclusions  Three examined species of  Dracunculus  showed no evidence of  Wolbachia  endobacteria. This supports that members of the superfamily Dracunculoidea are free of  Wolbachia . Within the order Spirurida, these endosymbionts appear restricted to the Filarioidea.

Absence of Wolbachia endobacteria in the human parasitic nematode Dracunculus medinensis and two related Dracunculus species infecting wildlife