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Background  Schistosomiasis studies in western Kenya have mainly focused on the intestinal form, with evidence of urinary schistosomiasis remaining anecdotal. Detailed disease mapping has been carried out predominantly along the shores of Lake Victoria, but there is a paucity of information on intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis in inland sites.    Methods  This cross-sectional survey of 3,487 children aged 7–18 years from 95 schools in south Nyanza, western Kenya determined the prevalence, infection intensity, and geographical distribution of  Schistosoma haematobium,  evaluating its co-endemicity with  Schistosoma mansoni  and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). Helminth eggs were analyzed from single urine (for  S. haematobium ) and stool (for  S. mansoni  and STHs) samples by centrifugation and Kato-Katz, respectively. Hematuria was used as a proxy indicator for  S. haematobium . Schools and water bodies (ponds, water-points, streams, dams and rivers) were mapped using Geographical Information System and prevalence maps obtained using ArcView GIS Software.    Results   S. haematobium  infections with an overall prevalence of 9.3% (95% CI = 8.4-10.2%) were mostly prevalent in Rachuonyo, 22.4% (95% CI = 19.2-25.9% and 19.7 eggs/10 ml) and Migori, 10.7% (95% CI = 9.2-12.3% and 29.5 eggs/10 ml) districts, particularly around Kayuka pond and Ongoche river respectively. Overall infections correlated with hematuria (r = 0.9, P < 0.0001) and were more likely in boys (P < 0.0001, OR = 0.624).  S. mansoni  infections with an overall prevalence of 13% (95% CI =11.9-14.1%) were majorly confined along the shores of Lake Victoria. STH infections were homogenously distributed with  A. lumbricoides  occurring in 5.4% (95% CI = 4.7-6.3%) and  T. trichiura  in 2.8% (95% CI = 2.3-3.4%) of the children. Although  S. mansoni  infections were more co-endemic with  S. haematobium , only  A. lumbricoides  infections were positively associated with  S. haematobium  (P = 0.0295, OR = 0.4585). Overall prevalence of  S. haematobium  monoinfection was 7.2% (95% CI = 6.4-8%),  S. mansoni  monoinfection was 12.3% (95% CI = 10.4-12.5%), and  S. haematobium - S. mansoni  coinfection was 1.2% (95% CI = 0.9-1.6%). There was no significant difference in infection intensity between mono and coinfections.    Conclusion  Prevalence distribution maps obtained are important for planning and implementing disease control programs in these areas.

parasites and vectors

Schistosoma haematobium hotspots in south Nyanza, western Kenya: prevalence, distribution and co-endemicity with Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths