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Background  Leishmaniases are divided into cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In the Old World, CL is caused by  Leishmania  ( L .)  major ,  L. tropica  and  L. aethiopica. L. tropica  can also visceralize and cause VL. In India, the large epidemics of VL are caused by  L. donovani  and cases of CL are caused by  L. major  and  L. tropica . However, strains of  L. tropica  have also been isolated from Indian cases of VL.  This study was done to see if Indian strains of  L. tropica  isolated from human cases of CL are genetically identical to or different from Indian strains of  L. tropica  isolated from human cases of VL and to see if any genetic differences found correlated with clinical outcome presenting as either CL or VL.    Methods  Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT), employing 12 independent genetic markers specific to  L. tropica , was used to characterize and identify eight strains of  L. tropica  isolated from human cases of CL examined in clinics in Bikaner City, Rajasthan State, north-west India. Their microsatellite profiles were compared to those of 156 previously typed strains of  L. tropica  from various geographical locations that were isolated from human cases of CL and VL, hyraxes and sand fly vectors.    Results  Bayesian, distance-based and factorial correspondence analyses revealed two confirmed populations: India/Asia and Israel/Palestine that subdivided, respectively, into two and three subpopulations. A third population, Africa/Galilee, as proposed by Bayesian analysis was not supported by the other applied methods. The strains of  L. tropica  from Bikaner isolated from human cases of CL fell into one of the subpopulations in the population India/Asia together with strains from other Asian foci. Indian strains isolated from human cases of VL fell into the same sub-population but were not genetically identical to the Bikaner strains of  L. tropica .    Conclusions  It seems that the genetic diversity encountered between the two groups of Indian strains is mainly owing to their geographical origins rather than their different times of isolation. Also, the genetic differences seen between the dermatotropic and viscerotropic strains might be connected with the difference in pathogenicity.

parasites and vectors

Multilocus microsatellite typing reveals a genetic relationship but, also, genetic differences between Indian strains of Leishmania tropica causing cutaneous leishmaniasis and those causing visceral leishmaniasis