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Background  Canine leishmaniosis caused by  Leishmania infantum  is a parasitic zoonotic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Genus  Phlebotomus  is the biological vector in the Old World and  Lutzomyia  in the New World. The dog is the domestic reservoir host but other animals like the fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) and rodents are known to maintain the infection in both sylvatic and domestic cycles.    Methods  To identify the role of synanthropic rodents  Mus musculus  and  Rattus norvegicus  as reservoir hosts for  Leishmania infantum  natural infection, 30 rodents were captured under a trap rodent control program in two private dog shelters from Sintra and Sesimbra, located in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, known to be endemic for canine leishmaniosis in Portugal. Tissue samples were screened for the presence of  Leishmania  amastigotes by qPCR and parasitological analysis.    Results  A total of 33.3% (9/27) of  Mus musculus  rodents revealed the presence of  Leishmania  spp. DNA while 29.6% (8/27) were positive in the parasitological analysis. Concerning  Rattus norvegicus  (n=3), one animal revealed infection only by parasitological analysis.    Conclusions  Our results identified for the first time in Portugal the presence of  Leishmania  infection in both rodent species. As susceptible hosts, infected  Mus musculus  and  Rattus norvegicus  may increase the risk for dog and human infection in households and surrounding areas, enhancing the need for efficient rodent control measures in shelters and risk zones to prevent transmission of the infection.

Natural infection of synathropic rodent species Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus by Leishmania infantum in Sesimbra and Sintra – Portugal