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Background  We investigated the biting patterns and seasonal abundances of  Anopheles gambiae s.l . and  An. funestus  mosquitoes in Kamuli District, Uganda.    Methods  Hourly indoor and outdoor catches of human biting mosquitoes were sampled from 19.00 to 07.00 hours for four consecutive nights each month using bed net traps in forty-eight houses randomly selected from Bugabula county where insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) had been used for at least five years and Budiope county where ITNs had not been used. The indoor and outdoor human-biting fractions, time of biting of the anophelines and climatic data were recorded from January to December 2010. Data were analysed using Multi-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-wallis rank sum test and Pearson correlation. The number of mosquitoes caught biting humans and resting indoors, the indoor and outdoor human biting densities and biting rates during different hours of the night, and mosquito abundances for a twelve-month sampling period in both zones are reported.    Results  Approximately four times more  Anopheles  mosquitoes were caught biting humans in Budiope County than in the Bugabula zone, with  An. gambiae s. l . catches exceeding those of  An. funestus . In both zones, peak night biting occurred between 23.00 and 05.00 hours. The majority of bites occurred between 03.00 and 06.00 hours for both  Anopheles gambiae s. l . and  funestus  group. Outdoor biting densities of  Anopheles gambiae s. l . exceeded the indoor biting densities throughout the night in both zones, while the indoor and outdoor human biting densities of  An. funestus  group were apparently equal. The outdoor and indoor human biting rates were similar in both zones. In Bugabula county, the abundance of  An. gambiae s.l . was rainfall-dependent, while the  An. funestus  group could thrive with or without rain fall. In Budiope county, both  An. gambiae s.l . and  An. funestus  mosquitoes thrived all year round regardless of the amount of rainfall.    Conclusion  Considering the biting patterns, and seasonal abundances exhibited by  Anopheles gambiae s.l . and  An. funestus  mosquitoes in Kamuli district, intensive use of ITNs combined with indoor residual spraying, environmental management and improved house designs in the context of integrated vector management may be the appropriate vector control strategy.

Biting patterns and seasonality of anopheles gambiae sensu lato and anopheles funestus mosquitoes in Kamuli District, Uganda