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Background  Pig keeping is becoming increasingly common across sub-Saharan Africa. Domestic pigs from the Arusha region of northern Tanzania were screened for trypanosomes using PCR-based methods to examine the role of pigs as a reservoir of human and animal trypanosomiasis.    Methods  A total of 168 blood samples were obtained from domestic pigs opportunistically sampled across four districts in Tanzania (Babati, Mbulu, Arumeru and Dodoma) during December 2004. A suite of PCR-based methods was used to identify the species and sub-species of trypanosomes including: Internally Transcribed Sequence to identify multiple species; species specific PCR to identify  T. brucei  s. l. and  T. godfreyi  and a multiplex PCR reaction to distinguish  T. b. rhodesiense  from  T. brucei  s. l.    Results  Of the 168 domestic pigs screened for animal and human infective trypanosome DNA, 28 (16.7%) were infected with one or more species of trypanosome; these included: six pigs infected with  Trypanosoma vivax  (3.6%); three with  Trypanosoma simiae  (1.8%); two with  Trypanosoma congolense  (Forest) (1%) and four with  Trypanosoma godfreyi  (2.4%). Nineteen pigs were infected with  Trypanosoma brucei  s. l. (10.1%) of which eight were identified as carrying the human infective sub-species  Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense  (4.8%).    Conclusion  These results show that in Tanzania domestic pigs may act as a significant reservoir for animal trypanosomiasis including the cattle pathogens  T. vivax  and  T. congolense,  the pig pathogen  T. simiae , and provide a significant reservoir for  T. b. rhodesiense , the causative agent of acute Rhodesian sleeping sickness.

Domestic pigs as potential reservoirs of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Northern Tanzania