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Background   Anopheles sinensis  is a principal vector for  Plasmodium vivax  malaria in most parts of China. Understanding of genetic structure and genetic differentiation of the mosquito should contribute to the vector control and malaria elimination in China.    Methods  The present study investigated the genetic structure of  An. sinensis  populations using a 729 bp fragment of mtDNA  ND5  among 10 populations collected from seven provinces in China.    Results   ND5  was polymorphic by single mutations within three groups of  An. sinensis  that were collected from 10 different geographic populations in China. Out of 140 specimens collected from 10 representative sites, 84 haplotypes and 71 variable positions were determined. The overall level of genetic differentiation of  An. sinensis  varied from low to moderate across China and with a  F  ST  range of 0.00065 – 0.341. Genealogy analysis clustered the populations of  An. sinensis  into three main clusters. Each cluster shared one main haplotype. Pairwise variations within populations were higher (68.68%) than among populations (31.32%) and with high fixation index ( F  ST  = 0.313). The results of the present study support population growth and expansion in the  An. sinensis  populations from China. Three clusters of  An. sinensis  populations were detected in this study with each displaying different proportion patterns over seven Chinese provinces. No correlation between genetic and geographic distance was detected in overall populations of  An. sinensis  (R 2  = 0.058;  P  = 0.301).    Conclusions  The results indicate that the  ND5  gene of mtDNA is highly polymorphic in  An. sinensis  and has moderate genetic variability in the populations of this mosquito in China. Demographic and spatial results support evidence of expansion in  An. sinensis  populations.

Genetic variations of ND5 gene of mtDNA in populations of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) malaria vector in China