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Background  The M and S molecular forms of  Anopheles gambiae s.s.  Giles appear to have speciated in West Africa and the M form is now formally named  An. coluzzii  Coetzee & Wilkerson  sp.n.  and the S form retains the nominotypical name (abbreviated here to  An. gambiae ). Reproductive isolation is thought to be the main barrier to hybridisation; even though both species are found in the same mating swarms, hybrid fertilisations in  copulae  have not been found in the study area. The aim of the study, therefore, was to determine whether differences in circadian and/or environmental control over the timing of swarming in the two species contribute to reproductive isolation.    Methods  The timing of male swarming in these species was recorded four nights per month over four years at five swarming sites in each of two villages. The timing of the start and end of swarming, and the concurrent environmental parameters, temperature, humidity and light intensity, were recorded for n = 20 swarms/month/species. The timing of 'spontaneous’ activity at dusk of individual  An. coluzzii  and  An. gambiae  males was video-recorded in an actograph outdoors for 21 nights.    Results  Of the environmental parameters considered, swarming was most strongly correlated with sunset (r 2  > 0.946).  Anopheles gambiae  started and stopped swarming earlier than  An. coluzzii  (3:35 ± 0:68 min:sec and 4:51 ± 1:21, respectively), and the mean duration of swarming was 23:37 ± 0:33 for  An. gambiae  and 21:39 ± 0:33 for  An. coluzzii.  Accordingly, in principle, whenever both species swarm over the same marker, a mean of 15.3 ± 3.1% of  An. gambiae  swarming would occur before  An. coluzzii  males arrived, and 19.5 ± 4.55% of  An. coluzzii  swarming would occurred after  An. gambiae  males had stopped swarming. These results are consistent with the finding that  An. gambiae  males became active in the actograph 09:35 ± 00:22 min:sec earlier than  An. coluzzii  males .Conclusions  The timing of swarming and spontaneous activity at dusk are primarily under circadian control, with the phase linked closely to sunset throughout the year. The mating activity of these two species is temporally segregated for 15-20% of the swarming period, which may contribute to the observed reproductive isolation of these species in local sympatric populations.

parasites and vectors

Differences in timing of mating swarms in sympatric populations of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae s.s. (formerly An. gambiae M and S molecular forms) in Burkina Faso, West Africa