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Background  Sand fly species of the genus  Sergentomyia  are proven vectors of reptilian  Leishmania  that are non-pathogenic to humans. However, a consideration of the role of  Sergentomyia  spp. in the circulation of mammalian leishmaniasis appears repeatedly in the literature and the possibility of  Leishmania  transmission to humans remains unclear. Here we studied the susceptibility of colonized  Sergentomyia schwetzi  to  Leishmania donovani  and two other  Leishmania  species pathogenic to humans:  L. infantum  and  L. major .    Methods  Females of laboratory-reared  S. schwetzi  were infected by cultured  Leishmania  spp. by feeding through a chicken membrane, dissected at different time intervals post bloodmeal and examined by light microscopy for the abundance and location of infections.    Results  All three  Leishmania  species produced heavy late stage infections in  Lutzomyia longipalpis  or  Phlebotomus duboscqi  sand flies used as positive controls. In contrast, none of them completed their developmental cycle in  Sergentomyia  females;  Leishmania  promastigotes developed within the bloodmeal enclosed by the peritrophic matrix (PM) but were defecated together with the blood remnants, failing to establish a midgut infection. In  S. schwetzi , the PM persisted significantly longer than in  L. longipalpis  and it was degraded almost simultaneously with defecation. Therefore,  Leishmania  transformation from procyclic to long nectomonad forms was delayed and parasites did not attach to the midgut epithelium.    Conclusions   Sergentomyia schwetzi  is refractory to human  Leishmania  species and the data indicate that the crucial aspect of the refractoriness is the relative timing of defecation versus PM degradation.

Sergentomyia schwetzi is not a competent vector for Leishmania donovani and other Leishmania species pathogenic to humans