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Background  Sand flies are the only biologically adapted vectors of  Leishmania  parasites, however, a possible role in the transmission of  Leishmania  has been proposed for other hematophagous ectoparasites such as ticks. In order to evaluate natural infection by  Leishmania infantum  in  Rhipicephalus sanguineus  ticks, taking into account its close association with dogs, 128 adult  R. sanguineus  ticks removed from 41 dogs living in endemic areas of canine leishmaniosis were studied.    Methods  Individual DNA extraction was performed from each tick and whole blood taken from dogs. Dog sera were tested for IgG antibodies to  L. infantum  antigen by ELISA and  L. infantum  real-time PCR was performed from canine whole blood samples and ticks.    Results   Leishmania infantum  PCR was positive in 13 ticks (10.1%) including one female, (2.0%) and 12 males (15.2%), and in only five dogs (12.2%). Male ticks had a significantly higher infection rate when compared to female  R. sanguineus . The percentage of  L. infantum  seroreactive dogs was 19.5%. All but two PCR positive dogs were seroreactive.  Leishmania infantum  PCR positive ticks were removed from seropositive and seronegative dogs with a variety of PCR results.    Conclusions  This study demonstrates high prevalence of  L. infantum  DNA in  R. sanguineus  ticks removed from  L. infantum  seropositive and seronegative dogs. The presence of  L. infantum  DNA was detected mainly in male ticks possibly due to their ability to move between canine hosts and feed on several canine hosts during the adult life stage. Additional studies are needed to further explore the role of  R. sanguineus  ticks and in particular, male adults, in both the epidemiology and immunology of  L. infantum  infection in dogs in endemic areas.

Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA mainly in Rhipicephalus sanguineus male ticks removed from dogs living in endemic areas of canine leishmaniosis