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Background  Recent data from Ghana indicates that after seven rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA) there is still sustained transmission albeit at low levels in certain areas where  Anopheles melas ,  An. gambiae  s.s.,  Mansonia  and  Culex  species are the main biting mosquitoes.  Anopheles gambiae  s.l. and  An. funestus  are the known vectors in Ghana and a recent report indicated that  An. melas  could transmit at low level microfilaraemia. However, because  An. melas  is not found everywhere there was the need to determine whether any of the other culicine species could also be playing a role in the transmission of LF.    Methods  Indoor mosquitoes collected once a month for three months using pyrethrum spray catches in six communities within the Kommenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abirem (KEEA) District, Central Region of Ghana were morphologically identified, dissected and examined for the presence of  W. bancrofti . Additionally, stored mosquito samples collected during previous years in 8 communities from the Gomoa District also in the Central Region were similarly processed. The identities of all  W. bancrofti  parasites found were confirmed using an established PCR method.    Results  A total of 825 indoor resting mosquitoes comprising of 501  Anopheles  species, 239  Mansonia  species, 84  Culex  species and 1  Aedes  species were dissected and examined for the presence of  W. bancrofti .  Mansonia africana  had infection and infectivity rates of 2.5 % . and 2.1% respectively.  Anopheles gambiae  s.l. had an infection rate of 0.4% and a similar infectivity rate. None of the  Culex  sp. and  Aedes  sp were found with infection. From the stored mosquitoes the infection and infectivity rates for  M. africana  were 7.6% (N = 144) and 2.8% respectively whilst the corresponding rates for  M. uniformis  were 2.9% (N = 244) and 0.8%.    Conclusions  This is the first report of  Mansonia  species as vectors of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Ghana and in West Africa since that of 1958 in Guinea. The revelation of a hitherto unrecognised vector which is possibly more efficient in transmission than the recognised ones has a profound implication for elimination of lymphatic filariasis programmes in the sub-region.

Mansonia africana and Mansonia uniformis are Vectors in the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti lymphatic filariasis in Ghana