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Background  Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is induced in nature by  Wolbachia  bacteria, resulting in conditional male sterility. Previous research demonstrated that the two  Wolbachia  strains ( w AlbA and  w AlbB) that naturally co-infect the disease vector mosquito  Aedes albopictus  (Asian tiger mosquito) can be replaced with the  w Pip  Wolbachia  strain from  Culex pipiens.  Since  Wolbachia -based vector control strategies depend upon the strength and consistency of CI, a greater understanding is needed on the CI relationships between  w Pip,  w AlbA and  w AlbB  Wolbachia  in  Ae. albopictus .    Methods  This work consisted of a collaborative series of crosses carried out in Italy and in US to study the CI relationships between the “ w Pip” infected  Ae. albopictus  strain (AR w P) and the superinfected SR strain. The  Ae. albopictus  strains used in Italian tests are the  w Pip infected AR w P strain (AR w P IT ), the superinfected SR strain and the aposymbiotic AR strain. To understand the observed pattern of CI, crossing experiments carried out in USA focused on the study of the CI relationships between AR w P (AR w P US ) and artificially-generated single infected lines, in specific HTA and HTB, harbouring only  w AlbA and  w AlbB  Wolbachia  respectively.    Results  The paper reports an unusual pattern of CI observed in crossing experiments between AR w P and SR lines. Specifically, AR w P males are able to induce full sterility in wild type females throughout most of their lifetime, while crosses between SR males and AR w P females become partially fertile with male aging. We demonstrated that the observed decrease in CI penetrance with SR male age, is related to the previously described decrease in  Wolbachia  density, in particular of the  w AlbA strain, occurring in aged superinfected males.    Conclusions  The results here reported support the use of the AR w P  Ae. albopictus  line as source of “ready-made sterile males”, as an alternative to gamma radiation sterilized males, for autocidal suppression strategies against the Asian tiger mosquito. In addition, the age dependent CI weakening observed in the crosses between SR males and AR w P females simplifies the downstream efforts to preserve the genetic variability within the laboratory AR w P colonies, to date based on the antibiotic treatment of wild captured superinfected mosquitoes, also reducing the costs.

parasites and vectors

Wolbachia strain w Pip yields a pattern of cytoplasmic incompatibility enhancing a Wolbachia- based suppression strategy against the disease vector Aedes albopictus