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Background  The aims of this study were to evaluate the host-tick-pathogen interface of  Babesia  spp. and  Anaplasma phagocytophilum  in restored areas in both questing and host-attached  Ixodes ricinus  and  Dermacentor reticulatus  and their small mammalian hosts.    Methods  Questing ticks were collected from 5 sites within the city of Leipzig, Germany, in 2009. Small mammals were trapped at 3 of the 5 sites during 2010 and 2011. DNA extracts of questing and host-attached  I. ricinus  and  D. reticulatus  and of several tissue types of small mammals (the majority bank voles and yellow-necked mice), were investigated by PCR followed by sequencing for the occurrence of DNA of  Babesia  spp. and by real-time PCR for  A. phagocytophilum . A selected number of samples positive for  A. phagocytophilum  were further investigated for variants of the partial  16S rRNA  gene. Co-infection with  Rickettsia  spp. in the questing ticks was additionally investigated.    Results  4.1% of questing  I. ricinus  ticks, but no  D. reticulatus , were positive for  Babesia  sp. and 8.7% of  I. ricinus  for  A. phagocytophilum . Sequencing revealed  B. microti ,  B. capreoli  and  Babesia  spp. EU1 in Leipzig and sequence analysis of the partial  16S RNA  gene of  A. phagocytophilum  revealed variants either rarely reported in human cases or associated with cervid hosts. The statistical analysis revealed significantly less ticks infected with  A. phagocytophilum  in a city park in Leipzig as compared to the other sampling sites.  A. phagocytophilum -DNA was detected in 2 bank voles, DNA of  B. microti  in 1 striped field-mouse and of  Babesia  sp. EU1 in the skin tissue of a mole. Co-infections were detected.    Conclusion  Our results show the involvement of small mammals in the natural endemic cycles of tick-borne pathogens. A more thorough understanding of the interactions of ticks, pathogens and hosts is the essential basis for effective preventive control measures.

parasites and vectors

Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ticks, ticks parasitizing rodents and the parasitized rodents – Analyzing the host-pathogen-vector interface in a metropolitan area