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Background  Knowledge of the potential vector role of Culicidae mosquitoes in Germany is very scanty, and until recently it was generally assumed that they are not involved in the transmission of anthroponotic or zoonotic pathogens in this country. However, anticipated changes in the course of global warming and globalization may alter their status.    Methods  We conducted a molecular mass screening of mosquitoes for filarial parasites using mitochondrial 12S rRNA-based real-time PCR.    Results  No parasites causing disease in humans such as  Dirofilaria  spp. were detected in about 83,000 mosquitoes tested, which had been collected in 2009 and 2010 in 16 locations throughout Germany. However, minimum infection rates of up to 24 per 1000 mosquitoes were revealed, which could be attributed to mosquito infection with  Setaria tundra  and a yet unidentified second parasite.  Setaria tundra  was found to be widespread in southern Germany in various mosquito species, except  Culex  spp. In contrast, the unidentified filarial species was exclusively found in  Culex  spp. in northern Baden-Württemberg, and is likely to be a bird parasite.    Conclusions  Although dirofilariasis appears to be emerging and spreading in Europe, the absence of  Dirofilaria  spp. or other zoonotic filariae in our sample allows the conclusion that the risk of autochthonous infection in Germany is still very low. Potential vectors of  S. tundra  in Germany are  Ochlerotatus sticticus ,  Oc. cantans ,  Aedes vexans  and  Anopheles claviger . Technically, the synergism between entomologists, virologists and parasitologists, combined with state-of-the-art methods allows a very efficient near-real-time monitoring of a wide spectrum of both human and veterinary pathogens, including new distribution records of parasite species and the incrimination of their potential vectors.

Molecular detection of Setaria tundra (Nematoda: Filarioidea) and an unidentified filarial species in mosquitoes in Germany