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Background  Miltefosine, which is the first oral drug licensed for the treatment of leishmaniasis, was recently reported to be a promising lead compound for the synthesis of novel antischistosomal derivatives with potent activity  in vivo  against different developmental stages of  Schistosoma mansoni . In this paper an  in vitro  study was carried out to investigate whether it has a biocidal activity against the aquatic stages of  Schistosoma mansoni  and its snail intermediate host,  Biomphalaria alexandrina  , thus being also a molluscicide. Additionally, to see whether miltefosine can have a broad spectrum antischistosomal activity, a similar  in vitro  study was carried out on the adult stage of  Schistosoma haematobium , the second major human species, its larval stages and snail intermediate host,  Bulinus truncutes . This was checked by scanning electron microscopy.    Results  Miltefosine proved to have  in vitro  ovicidal, schistolarvicidal and lethal activity on adult worms of both  Schistosoma  species and has considerable molluscicidal activity on their snail hosts. Scanning electron microscopy revealed several morphological changes on the different stages of the parasite and on the soft body of the snail, which further strengthens the current evidence of miltefosine's activity. This is the first report of mollusicidal activity of miltefosine and its  in vitro  schistosomicidal activity against  S.haematobium .    Conclusions  This study highlights miltefosine not only as a potential promising lead compound for the synthesis of novel broad spectrum schistosomicidal derivatives, but also for molluscicidals.

parasites and vectors

Bioactivity of miltefosine against aquatic stages of Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium and their snail hosts, supported by scanning electron microscopy