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Background   Culex  spp. mosquitoes are considered to be the most important vectors of West Nile virus (WNV) detected in at least 34 species of mosquitoes in the United States. In North America,  Culex pipiens pipiens, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus , and  Culex tarsalis  are all competent vectors of WNV, which is considered to be enzootic in the United States and has also been detected in equines and birds in many states of Mexico and in humans in Nuevo Leon. There is potential for WNV to be introduced into Mexico City by various means including infected mosquitoes on airplanes, migrating birds, ground transportation and infected humans. Little is known of the geographic distribution of  Culex pipiens  complex mosquitoes and hybrids in Mexico City.  Culex pipiens pipiens  preferentially feed on avian hosts;  Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus  have historically been considered to prefer mammalian hosts; and hybrids of these two species could theoretically serve as bridge vectors to transmit WNV from avian hosts to humans and other mammalian hosts. In order to address the potential of WNV being introduced into Mexico City, we have determined the identity and spatial distribution of  Culex pipiens  complex mosquitoes and their hybrids.    Results  Mosquito larvae collected from 103 sites throughout Mexico City during 2004-2005 were identified as  Culex, Culiseta  or  Ochlerotatus  by morphological analysis. Within the genus  Culex , specimens were further identified as  Culex tarsalis  or as belonging to the  Culex pipiens  complex. Members of the  Culex pipiens  complex were separated by measuring the ratio of the dorsal and ventral arms (DV/D ratio) of the male genitalia and also by using diagnostic primers designed for the  Ace.2  gene.  Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus  was the most abundant form collected.    Conclusions  Important WNV vectors species,  Cx. p. pipiens ,  Cx. p. quinquefasciatus  and  Cx. tarsalis , are all present in Mexico City. Hybrids of  Cx. p. pipiens  and  Cx. p. quinquefasciatus  were also collected and identified. The presence and abundance of these WNV competent vectors is a cause for concern. Understanding the distribution of these vectors can help improve viral surveillance activities and mosquito control efforts in Mexico City.

The distribution of potential West Nile virus vectors, Culex pipiens pipiens and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae), in Mexico City