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Background  Awareness for flea- and tick-borne infections has grown in recent years and the range of microorganisms associated with these ectoparasites is rising.  Bartonella henselae , the causative agent of Cat Scratch Disease, and other  Bartonella  species have been reported in fleas and ticks. The role of  Ixodes ricinus  ticks in the natural cycle of  Bartonella  spp. and the transmission of these bacteria to humans is unclear.  Rickettsia  spp. have also been reported from as well ticks as also from fleas. However, to date no flea-borne  Rickettsia  spp. were reported from the Netherlands. Here, the presence of  Bartonellaceae  and  Rickettsiae  in ectoparasites was investigated using molecular detection and identification on part of the gltA- and 16S rRNA-genes.    Results  The zoonotic  Bartonella clarridgeiae  and  Rickettsia felis  were detected for the first time in Dutch cat fleas.  B. henselae  was found in cat fleas and  B. schoenbuchensis  in ticks and keds feeding on deer. Two  Bartonella  species, previously identified in rodents, were found in wild mice and their fleas. However, none of these microorganisms were found in 1719 questing  Ixodes ricinus  ticks. Notably, the gltA gene amplified from DNA lysates of approximately 10% of the questing nymph and adult ticks was similar to that of an uncultured  Bartonella- related species found in other hard tick species. The gltA gene of this  Bartonella- related species was also detected in questing larvae for which a 16S rRNA gene PCR also tested positive for " Candidatus  Midichloria mitochondrii". The gltA-gene of the  Bartonella- related species found in  I. ricinus  may therefore be from this endosymbiont.    Conclusions  We conclude that the risk of acquiring Cat Scratch Disease or a related bartonellosis from questing ticks in the Netherlands is negligible. On the other hand fleas and deer keds are probable vectors for associated  Bartonella  species between animals and might also transmit  Bartonella  spp. to humans.

parasites and vectors

Absence of zoonotic Bartonella species in questing ticks: First detection of Bartonella clarridgeiae and Rickettsia felis in cat fleas in the Netherlands