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Background   Ixodiphagus hookeri  is a parasitic wasp of ixodid ticks around the world. It has been studied as a potential bio-control agent for several tick species. We suspected that the presence of  Wolbachia  infected  I. hookeri  eggs in ticks is responsible for incidental detection of  Wolbachia  DNA in tick samples.    Methods  The 28S  rRNA  and 16S  rRNA  genes of a specimen of  I. hookeri  was amplified and sequenced. PCR on part of the 28S  rRNA  gene was used to detect parasitic wasp DNA in 349 questing  Ixodes ricinus  ticks from various sampling sites. Furthermore, the  wsp  gene of  Wolbachia  was sequenced from the  I. hookeri  specimen and a subset of ticks was tested using this marker.    Results  Several sequences from tick specimens were identical to the  Wolbachia  sequence of the  I. hookeri  specimen.  Ixodiphagus hookeri  was detected in 9.5% of all tested ticks, varying between 4% and 26% depending on geographic location. Ten out of eleven sampling sites throughout the Netherlands were positive for  I. hookeri . Eighty-seven percent of  I. hookeri- positive but only 1.6% of  I. hookeri -negative ticks were  Wolbachia  positive. Detection of  I. hookeri  DNA was strongly associated with the detection of  Wolbachia  in ticks.    Conclusion  This is the first reported case of  I. hookeri  in the Netherlands. Furthermore  I. hookeri  harbours  Wolbachia  species and is broadly distributed in the Netherlands. While detection of  Wolbachia  DNA in ticks might often be due to parasitism with this wasp, other sources of  Wolbachia  DNA in ticks might exist as well.

Parasites of vectors - Ixodiphagus hookeri and its Wolbachia symbionts in ticks in the Netherlands