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Background  In the Canary Islands there are no previous data about tapeworms (Cestoda) of rodents. In order to identify the hymenolepidid species present in these hosts, a survey of 1,017 murine (349  Rattus rattus , 13  Rattus norvegicus  and 655  Mus musculus domesticus ) was carried out in the whole Archipelago. Molecular studies based on nuclear  ITS1  and mitochondrial  COI  loci were performed to confirm the identifications and to analyse the levels of genetic variation and differentiation.    Results  Three species of hymenolepidids were identified:  Hymenolepis diminuta ,  Rodentolepis microstoma  and  Rodentolepis fraterna .  Hymenolepis diminuta  (in rats) and  R. microstoma  (in mice) showed a widespread distribution in the Archipelago, and  R. fraterna  was the least spread species, appearing only on five of the islands. The hymenolepidids found on Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and La Graciosa were restricted to one area. The  COI  network of  H. diminuta  showed that the haplotypes from Lanzarote and Fuerteventura are the most distant with respect to the other islands, but clearly related among them.    Conclusions  Founder effects and biotic and abiotic factors could have played important role in the presence/absence of the hymenolepidid species in determined locations. The haplotypes from the eastern islands (Fuerteventura and Lanzarote) seem to have shared an ancestral haplotype very distant from the most frequent one that was found in the rest of the islands. Two colonization events or a single event with subsequent isolation and reduced gene flow between western-central and eastern islands, have taken place in the Archipelago. The three tapeworms detected are zoonotic species, and their presence among rodents from this Archipelago suggests a potential health risk to human via environmental contamination in high risk areas. However, the relatively low prevalence of infestations detected and the focal distribution of some of these species on certain islands reduce the general transmission risk to human.

Distribution and genetic variation of hymenolepidid cestodes in murid rodents on the Canary Islands (Spain)