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Background  Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (EGA) is caused by  Anaplasma phagocytophilum , a tick-transmitted, obligate intracellular bacterium. In Europe, it is transmitted by  Ixodes ricinus . A large number of genetic variants of  A. phagocytophilum  circulate in nature and have been found in ticks and different animals. Attempts have been made to assign certain genetic variants to certain host species or pathologies, but have not been successful so far. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causing agent  A. phagocytophilum  of 14 cases of EGA in naturally infected horses with molecular methods on the basis of 4 partial genes ( 16S rRNA ,  groEL ,  msp2 , and  msp4 ).    Results  All DNA extracts of EDTA-blood samples of the horses gave bands of the correct nucleotide size in all four genotyping PCRs. Sequence analysis revealed 4 different variants in the partial  16S rRNA ,  groEL  gene and  msp2  genes, and 3 in the  msp4  gene. One  16S rRNA  gene variant involved in 11 of the 14 cases was identical to the "prototype" variant causing disease in humans in the amplified part [GenBank:  U02521 ]. Phylogenetic analysis revealed as expected for the  groEL  gene that sequences from horses clustered separately from roe deer. Sequences of the partial  msp2  gene from this study formed a separate cluster from ruminant variants in Europe and from all US variants.    Conclusions  The results show that more than one variant of  A. phagocytophilum  seems to be involved in EGA in Germany. The comparative genetic analysis of the variants involved points towards different natural cycles in the epidemiology of  A. phagocytophilum , possibly involving different reservoir hosts or host adaptation, rather than a strict species separation.

Genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from 14 equine granulocytic anaplasmosis cases