English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Background  The dual problems of rising insecticide resistance in the malaria vectors and increasing human malaria cases since 2001 in southern Mozambique are cause for serious concern. The selection of insecticides for use in indoor residual spraying (IRS) programmes is highly dependent on the extent to which local mosquitoes are susceptible to the approved classes of insecticides. The insecticide resistance status and role in malaria transmission of  Anopheles funestus  was evaluated at the Maragra Sugar Estate in southern Mozambique where an IRS vector control programme has been in operation for seven years using the carbamate insecticide bendiocarb.    Results  No  Anopheles  species were captured inside the sugar estate control area.  Anopheles funestus  group captured outside of the estate represented 90% (n = 475) of the total collections. Of the specimens identified to species by PCR (n = 167), 95% were  An. funestus s.s.  One  An. rivulorum  was identified and seven specimens did not amplify. The  Anopheles gambiae  complex was less abundant (n = 53) and of those identified (n = 33) 76% were  An. arabiensis  and 24%  An. merus . Insecticide susceptibility tests showed that wild-caught and F-1 family  An. funestus  were resistant to deltamethrin (32.5% mortality) and lambda-cyhalothrin (14.6% mortality), less so to bendiocarb (71.5% mortality) and fully susceptible to both malathion and DDT (100%). Bendiocarb and pyrethroid resistance was nullified using 4% piperonyl butoxide (Pbo), strongly suggesting that both are mediated by P450 monooxygenase detoxification. ELISA tests  of An. funestus  for  Plasmodium falciparum , gave a sporozoite rate of 6.02% (n = 166). One unidentified member of the  An. gambiae  complex tested positive for  P. falciparum  sporozoites.    Conclusion   Anopheles funestus  was found to be the most abundant and principle vector of malaria in this area, with members of the  An. gambiae  complex being secondary vectors. Despite the continual use of bendiocarb within the estate for seven years and the level of  An. funestus  resistance to this insecticide, the IVC programme is still effective against this and other  Anopheles  in that no vectors were found inside the control area. However, the Mozambique National Malaria Control Programme ceased the use of DDT and bendiocarb in this area of its operations in 2009, and replaced these insecticides with a pyrethroid which will increase insecticide resistance selection pressure and impact on control programmes such as the Maragra IVC.

Vectorial status and insecticide resistance of Anopheles funestus from a sugar estate in southern Mozambique